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sammge.gms : Carbon taxes with exemptions for heavy industry

Sample Program Comparing GAMS/MCP and GAMS/MPSGE Formulations

This program contains two presentations of an open-economy general
equilibrium model.  The first employs MILES/MCP for a model expressed
with equations written in standard GAMS algebra.  The second version
of the model is expressed with MPSGE tables.  The equations for the
MPSGE version are generated automatically.

Both model formulations illustrate the manner in which Armington
and Heckscher-Ohlin imports can be mixed in the same model.

Solution values for this sample dataset are intuitive.  Exemptions
reduce the "economic burden" of the tax, but they may also completely
contradict the stated purpose of the energy tax (i.e., with tax
exemptions to energy-intensive industry, energy demand may go up
rather than down).
Reference:
Small Model of Types: MPSGE mcp
$TITLE Carbon Taxes with Exemptions for Heavy Industry (SAMMGE,SEQ=151) $ONTEXT Sample Program Comparing GAMS/MCP and GAMS/MPSGE Formulations This program contains two presentations of an open-economy general equilibrium model. The first employs MILES/MCP for a model expressed with equations written in standard GAMS algebra. The second version of the model is expressed with MPSGE tables. The equations for the MPSGE version are generated automatically. Both model formulations illustrate the manner in which Armington and Heckscher-Ohlin imports can be mixed in the same model. Solution values for this sample dataset are intuitive. Exemptions reduce the "economic burden" of the tax, but they may also completely contradict the stated purpose of the energy tax (i.e., with tax exemptions to energy-intensive industry, energy demand may go up rather than down). Boehringer, C, and Rutherford, T R, Carbon taxes with exemptions in an open economy: A general equilibrium analysis of the German tax initiative. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 32 (2) (1997), 189-203. ---- 1134 PARAMETER REPORT SUMMARY REPORT (%) NON-EXEMPT NON-EXEMPT EXEMPT EXEMPT MCP MGE MCP MGE WELFARE.T10 -0.2 -0.2 WELFARE.T25 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 WELFARE.T50 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 ENERGY .T05 -13.2 -13.2 1.4 1.4 ENERGY .T10 -25.6 -25.6 2.8 2.8 ENERGY .T25 -30.7 -30.7 7.4 7.4 ENERGY .T50 -36.9 -36.9 10.1 10.1 $OFFTEXT SETS G COMMODITIES /X,Y,E/, F PRIMARY FACTORS /K,L,R/ SC TAX SCENARIOS /T05, T10, T25, T50/, NE(G) NON-ENERGY GOODS /X,Y/, ARM(G) ARMINGTON IMPORTS; ALIAS (S,G), (FF,F); SCALAR GAMMA ENERGY-OTHER GOOD ELASTICITY /0.5/; PARAMETERS ZBAR(S) BENCHMARK OUTPUT DBAR(G,S) BENCHMARK INTERMEDIATE INPUT FDBAR(F,S) BENCHMARK FACTOR INPUT MNET(G) NET IMPORTS XNET(G) NET EXPORTS MGROSS(G) GROSS IMPORTS XGROSS(G) GROSS EXPORTS CBAR(G) BENCHMARK FINAL CONSUMPTION UBAR BENCHMARK EXPENDITURE ENDOW(F) FACTOR ENDOWMENTS T(G,S) INPUT TAX RATE TC(G) CONSUMPTION TAX ESUBM(G) ARMINGTON ELASTICITIES (+INF = HECKSCHER-OHLIN) /E +INF, X +INF, Y 4/, TAXLEVEL(SC) TAX RATES /T05 0.05,T10 0.10,T25 0.25,T50 0.5/; TABLE SAM(*,*) BENCHMARK SOCIAL ACCOUNTS X Y E EXPORT IMPORT DEMAND X 20 -10 -4 2 -8 Y 105 -20 13 -98 E -4 -5 5 9 -5 K -10 -40 -1 51 L -6 -50 56 R -4 4 FX 24 -24 ; * EXTRACT THE DATA: ZBAR(S) = SAM(S,S); DBAR(G,S) = MAX(0, -SAM(G,S)); FDBAR(F,S) = -SAM(F,S); XGROSS(G) = -SAM(G,"EXPORT"); MGROSS(G) = SAM(G,"IMPORT"); MNET(G) = MAX(0, MGROSS(G) - XGROSS(G)); XNET(G) = MAX(0, XGROSS(G) - MGROSS(G)); CBAR(G) = -SAM(G,"DEMAND"); UBAR = SUM(G, CBAR(G)); ENDOW(F) = SAM(F,"DEMAND"); * LOAD IDENTIFIERS FOR IMPORTED GOODS, EXPORTED GOODS AND * ACTIVE PRIMARY FACTORS: ARM(G) = YES$(ESUBM(G) LT +INF); ABORT$(SMIN(G$ARM(G), MGROSS(G)) EQ 0) " CANNOT CALIBRATE ARMINGTON DEMAND WHEN IMPORT SHARE IS ZERO!", ARM, MGROSS; POSITIVE VARIABLES Z(S) SECTORAL OUTPUT INDEX A(G) SUPPLY INDEX M(G) IMPORT INDEX X(G) EXPORT INDEX U UTILITY INDEX PFX PRICE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE P(G) GOODS PRICE INDEX C(G) PRODUCTION COST INDEX W(F) FACTOR PRICE INDEX PU UTILITY PRICE RA REPRESENTATIVE AGENT INCOME EQUATIONS PRF_Z(S) ZERO PROFIT FOR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION PRF_A(S) SUPPLY PROFIT PRF_M(G) ZERO PROFIT FOR IMPORTS PRF_X(G) ZERO PROFIT FOR EXPORTS PRF_U ZERO PROFIT FOR CONSUMPTION MKT_PFX MARKET CLEARANCE IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE MKT_P(G) MARKET CLEARANCE IN GOODS SUPPLY MKT_C(G) MARKET CLEARANCE IN DOMESTIC OUTPUT MKT_W(F) MARKET CLEARANCE IN FACTORS MKT_PU MARKET CLEARANCE IN AGGREGATE DEMAND DEF_RA DEFINITION OF RA; * DEFINE THE MODEL ASSOCIATING EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLES. MODEL ENERGY/PRF_Z.Z, PRF_M.M, PRF_X.X, PRF_U.U, MKT_PFX.PFX, MKT_P.P, MKT_W.W, MKT_PU.PU, PRF_A.A, MKT_C.C, DEF_RA.RA/ * SHARE PARAMETERS REQUIRE FOR THE ALGEBRAIC FORMULATION: PARAMETER ALPHA(G,S) VALUE SHARE FOR GOOD G IN SECTOR S, ALPHAF(S) VALUE SHARE OF PRIMARY FACTORS IN SECTOR S, THETA(F,S) SHARE OF FACTOR F IN SECTOR S VALUE ADDED, ALPHAN VALUE SHARE OF NON-ENERGY INPUTS, ALPHAE VALUE SHARE OF ENERGY INPUTS, BETA(G) VALUE SHARE OF GOOD G IN NON-ENERGY INPUTS, ALPHAM IMPORT SHARE OF AGGREGATE DOMESTIC DEMAND; ALPHA(G,S) = DBAR(G,S)/ZBAR(S); ALPHAF(S) = SUM(F, FDBAR(F,S)) / ZBAR(S); THETA(F,S) = FDBAR(F,S) / SUM(FF, FDBAR(FF,S)); ALPHAN = SUM(NE, CBAR(NE)) / UBAR; ALPHAE = 1 - ALPHAN; BETA(NE) = CBAR(NE) / SUM(G$NE(G), CBAR(G)); ALPHAM(S) = (MGROSS(S) / (ZBAR(S) + MGROSS(S)))$ARM(S); * THIS CONSTRAINT ESTABLISHES A BALANCE BETWEEN INPUT PRICES * AND THE COST OF PRODUCTION: PRF_Z(S).. ( SUM(G, ALPHA(G,S) * (P(G)*(1+T(G,S)))**(1-GAMMA)) + ALPHAF(S)*(PROD(F, W(F)**THETA(F,S)))**(1-GAMMA) )**(1/(1-GAMMA)) =G= C(S); * THIS CONSTRAINT RELATES THE COST OF SUPPLY TO THE MARKET * SALES PRICE. WHEN IMPORTS ARE PERFECT SUBSTITUTES, COST * OF PRODUCTION MUST BE NO LESS THAN SALES PRICE: PRF_A(S).. C(S)$(NOT ARM(S)) + ( ((1-ALPHAM(S)) * C(S)**(1-ESUBM(S)) + ALPHAM(S) * PFX **(1-ESUBM(S)) )**(1/(1-ESUBM(S))) )$ARM(S) =G= P(S); * WHEN IMPORTS ARE PERFECT SUBSTITUTES, THE DOMESTIC PRICE MUST BE * NO HIGHER THAN THE IMPORT PRICE: PRF_M(G)$(NOT ARM(G)).. PFX =G= P(G); * ARBITRAGE THROUGH EXPORTS KEEPS THE DOMESTIC PRICE ABOVE THE * INTERNATIONAL PRICE: PRF_X(G).. C(G) =G= PFX; * THE COST OF A UNIT OF UTILITY DEPENDS ON ENERGY AND NON- * ENERGY PRICES: PRF_U.. ( ALPHAE * (P("E")*(1+TC("E")))**(1-GAMMA) + ALPHAN * (PROD(NE, P(NE)**BETA(NE)))**(1-GAMMA) )**(1/(1-GAMMA)) =G= PU; * FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS: MKT_PFX.. SUM(G, X(G) ) =G= SUM(G, M(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) + (MGROSS(G)*A(G)*(P(G)/PFX)**ESUBM(G))$ARM(G) ); * FACTOR MARKETS: MKT_W(F).. ENDOW(F) =G= SUM(S, Z(S) * FDBAR(F,S) * (P(S)/PROD(FF, W(FF)**THETA(FF,S)))**GAMMA * PROD(FF, W(FF)**THETA(FF,S)) / W(F) ); * DOMESTIC OUTPUT IS EITHER SUPPLIED TO THE DOMESTIC MARKET * OR IT IS EXPORTED. THE DOMESTIC MARKET DEMAND IS PRICE * RESPONSIVE IF (ESUBM(G) LT +INF): MKT_C(S).. ZBAR(S) * Z(S) =G= ((ZBAR(S)-XNET(S)) * A(S) + X(S))$(NOT ARM(S)) + ((ZBAR(S)-XGROSS(S)) * A(S) * (P(S)/C(S))**ESUBM(S) + X(S))$ARM(S); * SUPPLY-DEMAND BALANCE. THIS EQUATION INCLUDES THE IMPORT * ACTIVITY WHEN IMPORTS ARE PERFECT SUBSTITUTES, OTHERWISE * DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED SUPPLIES ENTER AS A COMPOSITE GOOD THE * QUANTITY OF WHICH IS SCALED BY A. MKT_P(G).. ( A(G) * (ZBAR(G) - XNET(G)) + M(G) )$(NOT ARM(G)) + ( A(G) * (ZBAR(G) - XGROSS(G) + MGROSS(G)) )$ARM(G) =G= SUM(S, Z(S) * DBAR(G,S) * (P(S)/(P(G)*(1+T(G,S))))**GAMMA) + U * CBAR(G) * ( ((PU/(P(G)*(1+TC(G))))**GAMMA)$(NOT NE(G)) + ((PU/PROD(NE, P(NE)**BETA(NE)))**GAMMA * (PROD(NE,P(NE)**BETA(NE))/P(G)))$NE(G) ); * THE VALUE OF COMPOSITE CONSUMPTION GOOD SUPPLY MUST EXHAUST * INCOME: * MKT_PU.. U * UBAR =G= RA * UBAR / PU; DEF_RA.. RA * UBAR =E= SUM(F, W(F) * ENDOW(F)) + U * P("E") * TC("E") * CBAR("E") * (PU / (P("E")*(1+TC("E"))))**GAMMA + SUM(S, Z(S) * P("E") * T("E",S) * DBAR("E",S) * (C(S) / (P("E")*(1+T("E",S))))**GAMMA); * BENCHMARK REPLICATION FOR H_O MODEL: Z.L(S) = 1; A.L(S) = 1; U.L = 1; W.L(F) = 1; PU.L = 1; PFX.L = 1; P.L(G) = 1; C.L(G) = 1; RA.L = 1; T(G,S) = 0; TC(G) = 0; M.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = MNET(G); X.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = XNET(G); X.L(G)$ARM(G) = XGROSS(G); M.FX(G)$ARM(G) = 0; * NORMALIZE PRICES USING INCOME: RA.FX = 1; T(G,S) = 0; TC(G) = 0; ENERGY.ITERLIM = 0; SOLVE ENERGY USING MCP; ENERGY.ITERLIM = 2000; ARM(G) = YES$(ESUBM(G) LT +INF); M.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = MNET(G); X.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = XNET(G); X.L(G)$ARM(G) = XGROSS(G); M.UP(G) = +INF; M.FX(G)$ARM(G) = 0; X.UP(G) = +INF; PARAMETER REPORT SUMMARY REPORT (%); * COMPUTE THE COUNTER-FACTUAL SCENARIOS: LOOP(SC, * FIRST SOLVE FOR THE EQUILIBRIUM WITHOUT EXEMPTIONS: T("E",S) = TAXLEVEL(SC); TC("E") = TAXLEVEL(SC); SOLVE ENERGY USING MCP; REPORT("WELFARE",SC,"NON-EXEMPT","MCP") = ROUND( 100 * (U.L-1), 1); REPORT("ENERGY",SC,"NON-EXEMPT","MCP") = ROUND( 100 * ( (A.L("E")*(ZBAR("E")-XNET("E")) + M.L("E")) / (ZBAR("E") + MNET("E") - XNET("E")) - 1), 1); * THEN, EXEMPT SECTOR X FROM THE TAX: T("E","X") = 0; SOLVE ENERGY USING MCP; REPORT("WELFARE",SC,"EXEMPT","MCP") = ROUND( 100 * (U.L-1), 1); REPORT("ENERGY",SC, "EXEMPT","MCP") = ROUND( 100 * ( (A.L("E")*(ZBAR("E")-XNET("E")) + M.L("E")) / (ZBAR("E") + MNET("E") - XNET("E")) - 1), 1); ); * NEXT, WE HAVE THE MPSGE FORMULATION OF THE SAME MODEL: $ONTEXT $MODEL:GEMODEL $SECTORS: Z(S) ! SECTORAL OUTPUT INDEX A(S) ! ARMINGTON SUPPLY M(G) ! IMPORT INDEX X(G) ! EXPORT INDEX U ! UTILITY INDEX $COMMODITIES: PFX ! PRICE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE P(G) ! GOODS PRICE INDEX C(G) ! COST INDEX W(F) ! FACTOR PRICE INDEX PU ! UTILITY PRICE $CONSUMERS: RA ! REPRESENTATIVE AGENT INCOME * DOMESTIC PRODUCTION: NESTED CES AGGREGATE OF GOODS AND PRIMARY * FACTOR INPUTS: $PROD:Z(S) s:GAMMA a:1 O:C(S) Q:ZBAR(S) I:P(G) Q:DBAR(G,S) A:RA T:T(G,S) I:W(F) Q:FDBAR(F,S) a: * ARMINGTON MODEL: IMPORTS AND DOMESTIC OUTPUT ENTER * THROUGH A CES FUNCTION: $PROD:A(S)$ARM(S) s:ESUBM(S) O:P(S) Q:(ZBAR(S) - XGROSS(S) + MGROSS(S)) I:C(S) Q:(ZBAR(S) - XGROSS(S)) I:PFX Q:MGROSS(S) * HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL: DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED GOODS ARE * PERFECT SUBSTITUTES, SUPPLIED EITHER FROM A() OR M(): $PROD:A(S)$(NOT ARM(S)) O:P(S) Q:(ZBAR(S) - XNET(S)) I:C(S) Q:(ZBAR(S) - XNET(S)) $PROD:M(G) O:P(G) Q:1 I:PFX Q:1 * BOTH VERSIONS OF THIS MODEL TREAT EXPORTS AS PERFECT * SUBSTITUTES FOR DOMESITIC PRODUCTS: $PROD:X(G) O:PFX Q:1 I:C(G) Q:1 * UTILITY AGGREGATE NESTS NON-ENERGY GOODS IN a: $PROD:U s:GAMMA a:1 O:PU Q:(SUM(G, CBAR(G))) I:P(G) Q:CBAR(G) A:RA T:TC(G) a:$NE(G) * THE REPRESENTATIVE AGENT HAS FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND SPENDS * MONEY ON THE AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION GOOD: $DEMAND:RA D:PU Q:(SUM(G, CBAR(G))) E:W(F) Q:ENDOW(F) $OFFTEXT * READ THE "HEADER FILE" WHICH IS AUTOMATICALLY PRODUCED BY * THE MPSGE PRE-PROCESSOR: $SYSINCLUDE mpsgeset GEMODEL * NORMALIZE PRICES USING INCOME: RA.FX = UBAR; * INSTALL ACTIVITY LEVELS FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS: ARM(G) = YES$(ESUBM(G) LT +INF); M.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = MNET(G); X.L(G)$(NOT ARM(G)) = XNET(G); X.L(G)$ARM(G) = XGROSS(G); M.UP(G) = +INF; M.FX(G)$ARM(G) = 0; X.UP(G) = +INF; * CHECK THE BENCHMARK CALIBRATION: T(G,S) = 0; TC(G) = 0; GEMODEL.ITERLIM = 0; * GENERATE THE MODEL BY EXECUTING THE MODEL GENERATION FILE: $INCLUDE GEMODEL.GEN SOLVE GEMODEL USING MCP; GEMODEL.ITERLIM = 2000; LOOP(SC, * FIRST SOLVE FOR THE EQUILIBRIUM WITHOUT EXEMPTIONS: T("E",S) = TAXLEVEL(SC); TC("E") = TAXLEVEL(SC); $INCLUDE GEMODEL.GEN SOLVE GEMODEL USING MCP; REPORT("WELFARE",SC,"NON-EXEMPT","MGE") = ROUND( 100 * (U.L-1), 1); REPORT("ENERGY",SC,"NON-EXEMPT","MGE") = ROUND( 100 * ( (A.L("E")*(ZBAR("E")-XNET("E")) + M.L("E")) / (ZBAR("E") + MNET("E") - XNET("E")) - 1), 1); * THEN, EXEMPT SECTOR X FROM THE TAX: T("E","X") = 0; $INCLUDE GEMODEL.GEN SOLVE GEMODEL USING MCP; REPORT("WELFARE",SC,"EXEMPT","MGE") = ROUND( 100 * (U.L-1), 1); REPORT("ENERGY",SC, "EXEMPT","MGE") = ROUND( 100 * ( (A.L("E")*(ZBAR("E")-XNET("E")) + M.L("E")) / (ZBAR("E") + MNET("E") - XNET("E")) - 1), 1); ); OPTION REPORT:1:2:2; DISPLAY REPORT;